{"id":1245,"date":"2017-11-29T11:18:51","date_gmt":"2017-11-29T11:18:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/processing.matteringpress.org\/?page_id=1245"},"modified":"2018-07-04T16:14:46","modified_gmt":"2018-07-04T15:14:46","slug":"29-conclusion","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/processing.matteringpress.org\/ethnographiccase\/29-conclusion\/","title":{"rendered":"29. Conclusion"},"content":{"rendered":"

Welcome. Plea<\/i>se read the\u00a0instructions<\/a>\u00a0for reviewing before commenting.\u00a0We ask contributors to be generous when thinking along with our pieces and to keep in mind that the final chapters are intended to be short essays.\u00a0Visit matteringpress.org<\/a> for more information on its other books. Readers might\u00a0also want to have a look at this resource<\/a> created by one of the book’s editors, Emily Yates-Doerr, which catalogues key Open Access anthropology publications.\u00a0<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

By\u00a0Emily Yates-Doerr<\/em><\/p>\n

One day, early on in the series, we received two submissions. Their similar anatomy was striking. Each featured a medical waiting room. Someone entered the space with a gift for the clinical personnel, the gift was accepted, and something shifted in the resulting care.<\/p>\n

In\u00a0Aaron Ansell\u2019s case<\/a>, set within gardens of an informal clinic in Piau\u00ed, Brazil, the gift was a small satchel of milk.\u00a0Rima Praspaliauskiene\u2019s<\/a>\u00a0was set in a Lithuanian public hospital and the gift was a rich chocolate cake. Aaron, who works and teaches on legal orders, analyzed the exchange as a challenge to hospital norms of equalitarianism. He helped us to see how the give-and-take of milk interrupts the requirements of a deracinated liberal democracy, offering instead the warm sociality of personal affinity. Rima, who focuses on medical care and valuing, used the object of the chocolate cake to query the social scientist\u2019s impulse to explain why people do what they do. She shows us how this impulse may rest upon the linearity and equivalence of rational calculation, uncomfortably treating sociality as a commodity.<\/p>\n

The juxtaposition of these submissions is emblematic \u2013 a case, if you will \u2013 of something we have seen throughout this series: the art of ethnographic writing resides in a relation between what is there and what is done with it.<\/p>\n

Beginnings<\/strong><\/p>\n

We might trace the origin of the series to a business meeting at the AAAs, when we offered the idea of \u201cthe ethnographic case\u201d for a Somatosphere series.[i]<\/a> The idea was quickly picked up and moved around by the group. Most everyone had something to add. Medical cases, detective cases, legal cases, psychiatric cases: the similarities and differences between how ethnographers think with and in cases and the use of cases in other fields were intriguing.[ii]<\/a><\/p>\n

We might also trace the origins to fieldwork. Many of the authors in the series noted, there was\u00a0something<\/em>\u00a0\u2013 an interaction, encounter, object, or image \u2013 from time in the field that had become haunting. Participation in our bookCase offered a chance to flesh out how messy interactions over many months of fieldwork become condensed into ethnographic moments, where the already understood folds together with that which is yet to be tamed (Strathern 1999<\/a>).<\/p>\n

From the beginning, Christine knew she would write about Judy\u2014a patient she had encountered in her research on vulvar pain. Judy\u2019s presence shaped\u00a0Christine\u2019s book<\/a>, although Christine had not yet had a chance to write specifically about their encounter. Christine titled the case\u00a03 millimeters<\/a>\u2014 a reference to a closure as much as an opening, for\u00a0Lichen planus<\/em>, an autoimmune disease, had fused Judy\u2019s labia to this small size, causing embarrassment and pain. The details of Judy\u2019s story are unique, but taken together they crystallized a problem that Christine had grappled with during her months at the Vulvar Health Clinic: people do not know how to talk about genitals, and an inability to verbalize genitalia contributes to their medical neglect. Silence was not a space of nothingness; it was a space where tissue fused and pus accreted as the vulva, an object erased precisely by its hypersexuality, becomes unthinkable, and thereby untreatable, in preventative practices of care. Writing the vulva, speaking the vulva in her case \u2013 as with speaking it in the clinic \u2013 would help to develop a new linguistic ecology, making vulvas matter in better ways.<\/p>\n

I didn\u2019t contribute a case myself but a brief discussion of my interest in editing the series is as follows:<\/p>\n

I had become suspicious of the practice of case-making while studying the diagnosis of obesity in a hospital in Guatemala.\u00a0I wasn\u2019t alone. Health workers everywhere around me were frustrated that treating patients as cases did little to assuage chronic illness. They argued that case-based treatment, no matter how personalized, ignored that obesity was an illness of complex systems, built up over generational time. As its causes were not individual, treating patients as if there was anything that they \u2013 personally \u2013 could do to prevent being sick saddled them with an impossible responsibility that often made things worse.<\/em><\/p>\n

Following those around me, I was tempted to point to political or economic structures as the source of the problem and a place to direct energy for treatment. But I feared that if I was not careful, a focus on structure would distance me from the vital intervention I saw possible in ethnographic methods. To offer a quick observation: people routinely follow up concern for structure with numbers, such that to say obesity is a structural problem is to say that a measurable demographic of people is sick or suffering. The problem I saw with this assertion was that structure, with these metric-based underpinnings, does not just imply an uncomfortable uniformity of ontology. It also risks mobilizing plans for treating people and experiences and afflictions that are not the same, as if this heterogeneity does not matter. Concern for\u00a0<\/em>ontological violence<\/em><\/a>\u00a0\u2013 as well as violence that is structural \u2013 made me cautious about constraining anthropologists to the role of illustrating, with our stories, what the economists or epidemiologists already know.<\/em><\/p>\n

It was as much out of curiosity for ethnographic structures as for ethnographic cases, that I began to wonder what would happen to obesity if I uncased it, following it outside the clinical setting. Listening to this curiosity, I started tracking obesity across \u2018structural\u2019 spaces: kitchens, schools, farms, and metabolic science\u2014although tracking is not quite the right word, for it turned out there was no stable object leaving footprints in the sand. Obesity in kitchens, where women struggled to square their expertise in cooking with dietary counseling that treated them as ignorant, was not the same as obesity in grade schools, where children learned not to eat fattening \u201cjunk food\u201d but had only candy and soda available at recess. In farms, where people used toxic pesticides to grow healthy vegetables for far-away consumers worried about their weight, obesity was a matter of chemicals and trade. And in scientific centers, where researchers traveled to the same communities where I traveled and then returned to their urban laboratories with swabs of saliva or vials of blood, it became a problem of ancestral deprivation\u2014 yet different again.<\/em><\/p>\n

The intricacies of the structures I was encountering began to turn my understanding of the relation between the particular and the general on its head. I was beginning to see the case not as a part of something larger (a unit to be added together with others). Instead, the very practice of adding things together changed the substance under evaluation, such that there was simply no way to add it up. As it was not possible to be holist, the difficult work in front of me lay not in mapping more layers, adding in more units of complexity\u2013\u00a0but in making cuts. The challenge, then, became the challenge of not cutting in the style of the clinical folder.[iii]<\/a>\u00a0 This was not a challenge to be solved by making a thin case-file endlessly thicker; indeed, it was not a challenge to be \u201csolved,\u201d but to be kept alive: the stories I wanted to tell had no natural beginning or end.<\/em><\/p>\n

I was drawn to the intrigue of \u201cthe ethnographic case,\u201d in part, from conviction gained by living in the mess of anthropological fieldwork that things need not be patterned nor predictable to have efficacy\u2014that particularity was its own form of power. I was also drawn to it because it posed a critical question for a field organized by participant-observation: how does one make an analytic intervention that is situated and still expansive enough to address global violences (an especially troubling question considering that expansion \u2013 a colonial practice if there ever was one \u2013 so often furthers violence). I wanted, with others, to develop resources capable of showing how \u201cstaying with the trouble\u201d (Haraway 2016) need not itself be troubling, but a generative and vital way forward.<\/em><\/p>\n

And so we wrote\u00a0an introduction<\/a>\u00a0and began to assemble a group of ethnographers to think about how the practice of telling stories shapes the worlds we study. An important postcolonial critique of anthropology notes that we too-often get our case materials in the peripheries while doing our so-called theory in colonial centers (Oy\u00e8r\u00f3nk\u00e9 Oy\u011bw\u00f9m\u00ed 1997; Law and Lin 2016). There is a highly gendered dynamic to this division between the particular and the general as well (Behar and Gordon 1996<\/a>). We began to wonder if a possible way forward might be found in the assertion that\u00a0the case is the theory.\u00a0<\/em>But before making this argument, we thought we\u2019d find out what anthropologists were doing with their cases. \u2018What is the ethnographic case?,\u2019 we asked in our opening call for contributions. And then, to be more precise about the question, \u2018what can it be made to be?\u2019\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Design<\/strong><\/p>\n

Every other week, for over a year, our bookcase grew larger by one installation. In fashioning the bookCase, we worked with graphic designers to emphasize texture over pattern. If anthropologists have long sought to make generalities by looking for replications, reproductions, and repetitions of culture, this was a chance to try out something else. If you consider the design we settled upon, the cases are each connected, but they also stand apart. Our cases share a basic shape, but they vary in their thinness or thickness on the screen and are adorned with diverse imagery.<\/p>\n

The covers were selected by each author to offer a hint at something that would lie within the case, encouraging, from the outset, what Anna Tsing has called an \u201cart of noticing\u201d (2015<\/a>). In emphasizing specificity over pattern, we wanted to stress a practice of noticing how we notice: what do we keep in the frame of the stories we tell; what do we set aside; what travels between cases and what stays put? The push, from the outset, was to think of ethnography as the study of the techniques by which cultures are made to materialize rather than the study of culture as if such a thing could ever stand by itself (see Landecker 2007, 2016).<\/p>\n

Casework<\/strong><\/p>\n

We collected 27 ethnographic cases. If our initial interest lay in the question of what the case can be made to be, we quickly learned that the answer was wide and unsteady: with every entry, \u2018the case\u2019 shifted from what it was the week before.<\/p>\n

The series began with\u00a0Annemarie Mol\u2019s case<\/a>, which recounts the story of a country doctor who injected turpentine into the buttock of a dying farmer to activate his immune system, thereby saving his life. She uses the story to suggest that cases, be they medical or ethnographic, serve to evoke and inspire, generating resources in once place that might be used elsewhere\u2014 though there are never guarantees about how these resources will travel.<\/p>\n

Anna Harris\u2019 case<\/a>\u00a0next addressed the condition of autophony, in which patients cannot screen out sounds that most people do not notice, hearing, for example, their eyeballs moving left to right. She counterposes medical cases, which aim to normalize that which is bizarre, with ethnographic cases, which turn something as mundane as a tapping finger into a point of fascination. She asks about the strangely familiar place of the ethnographer\u2019s body in the generation of our stories:\u00a0\u201cHow do we listen in? And when we do, what does it do to our stories of the world when we use our own sensing, moving, living bodies as a case for others?\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Nick Copeland<\/a>\u00a0also focuses on an atypical condition: that of facial paralysis accompanying an epidemic of Bell\u2019s Palsy in highland Guatemala. At least medical doctors might call it Bell\u2019s Palsy, and calling it this might stabilize it enough to offer some prescriptive treatments. But whereas clinical understandings and prescriptions of bodily disorder allowed the diagnosis to travel far, he found they also failed to characterize the suffering of people who experienced momentary intensities\u00a0and<\/em>\u00a0systematic violences. He reads the case of paralysis through a pattered failure of human and planetary systems. But if the case hints at something larger, there is also something tellingly nervous about the very possibility of \u2018the system.\u2019<\/p>\n

Systems thinking forms the basis of\u00a0Atsuro Morita\u2019s ca<\/a>se<\/u>\u00a0which takes up the relation between\u00a0holist and partial systems through a story of sailing along the Noi River in Thailand with a firm of Japanese engineers who are studying Dutch irrigation canals. If this sounds complex, the point is rather that the trip has been carefully arranged. Intricate, yes, but not here wild. Although this binary becomes a point of departure for the essay\u00a0since the nature they are studying has been designed to be transformed. Through a series of deft ethnographic maneuvers that bring together the field and its representation, Morita illustrates (or to turn from visual-based language toward action-based language\u2013 he\u00a0does<\/em>) the fieldsite as an always-experimental space.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Represent-abilities<\/strong><\/p>\n

Questions of representation loomed large throughout the series. While representation may, in some academic corners, still be taken as a reflection of a stable truth, we drew upon numerous cases of political, legal, or activist representation in which representation took a different form. Here representation rather connotes\u00a0advocating for<\/em>\u00a0[an idea, a political position, a group of women, and so on] entailing a stance, an engagement, and an assailable commitment.<\/p>\n

What\u2019s in a name?,\u00a0Ruth Goldstein<\/a>\u00a0asks, facing us with the long-neglected representational problem of choosing pseudonyms. One solution might be to work with people to select the names they want to use. But in Goldstein\u2019s research on mining and sex work in the Peruvian Amazon, she found that in some cases it was not safe to use the names people wanted, and in others, the names they wanted were not theirs to give. Eschewing an ethics based in prefigured rules Goldstein takes naming to be an active, negotiated process of labor, fraught with asymmetry. We may work to perfect it \u2013 to express ourselves better \u2013 but if we are to fashion a goal for ourselves, it might lie in attending to the labor of naming and not in the ideal of coming up with a perfect name.<\/p>\n

Teresa Velasquez<\/a>\u00a0further explores relations of collaboration with and between anthropological interlocutors to address a situation in which the Ecuadorian anti-mining activists refuse to be represented in her writing. They were worried, Velasquez explains, about extractivism in ethnographic practice and wanted to maintain their own words, even as they were learning how to speak from others. Everyone in this case is in drag, referent indistinguishable from sign\u2014and yet claims to the power of \u2018the real\u2019 continue to have efficacy. One ends this essay with a clearer sense than ever of how the powers of spoken word are in awkward (read: productive) relation with the material powers of earth, violence, and gold.<\/p>\n

That representation reinforces certain kinds of power is a worry that animates\u00a0Anna Wilking\u2019s case<\/a>. She entered fieldwork wanting to make a film that would celebrate the motherhood of Ecuadorian sex workers, whom she knew to be using sex work to be\u00a0good\u00a0<\/em>mothers in many of motherhood\u2019s most romantic terms. But the medium of film, though highly editable, could not be pre-determined, and the story that found Wilking was a story of a\u00a0good father<\/em>who filled an absent mother\u2019s place. The case was unusual\u2013 it was, as Wilking writes \u2013 a\u00a0mis<\/em>representation of most sex workers who choose sex work to stay active in their lives. And yet, letting go of the sociological mandate that a case must stand in for a majority allowed Wilking to focus on the vulnerable, nurturing masculinities that are surely there but so often left out of stories of sex workers\u2019 lives. She represented the story of fatherhood not because it was broadly\u00a0representative<\/em>\u00a0but because it was a future that deserved to be made visible.<\/p>\n

Jenna Grant\u2019s case<\/a>\u00a0similarly positions representation as a\u00a0technique for\u00a0fixing\u00a0<\/em>things, in a double-meaning of the term that implies giving ontological stability to fluid objects\u2014 not because there is but one real underlying truth to the form of these objects, but because this can sometimes help to improve (fix) the matters of concern. Lest you worry that this is difficult to grasp, the argument \u2013 as with the arguments in each of the 27 cases \u2013 is made accessible through fieldwork. The aunt of Puthea, a woman in Phnom Penh, sees a small cat in her prenatal ultrasound image. The image hints at a porousness between humans, images, animals, and machines while also giving biological shape to the being-in-formation. The ethnographer, she makes clear, is part of the mess and the mix:<\/p>\n

\u201cExceptional stories fix ethnographers, too. I did not hear about another cat-like scan, yet after talking to Puthea and Ming, I listened more closely for image stories. I asked different questions. I worked to make this story into an exemplary ethnographic case. Can it bear this weight? Perhaps. If representations fix\u2014whether with words, images, or as cases\u2014that fixing is a process, impermanent yet consequential. Fixing the image fixes the fate. Fixing the case shifts what is possible.<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n

Her case ends by shifting what is possible and, indeed, with many of the cases, \u201cthe future\u201d is at stake. Yet also apparent in our series is that by writing cases we do not only author other, future, conditions of possibility; in the practice of authoring we make evident \u201cother\u201d conditions that are already t\/here.<\/p>\n

This point is made clearly in\u00a0Sameena Mulla\u2019s consideration<\/a>\u00a0of different ways prosecutors and defendants depict the skin around the vagina in rape trial testimony. Court outcomes may be swayed by the use of hair scrunchies or timing belts or by the presence of blood or its absence. But regardless of what jurors see and how they see it, there can be violence even when there are no visible wounds. Things can be real (really real)\u00a0<\/em>without being apparent\u2014 and still the practice of making-evidence through expert intervention must be drawn upon to make them so.<\/p>\n

Also taking up the question of laws and borders,\u00a0Zoe Todd\u2019s case<\/a>\u00a0bends established Euro-Western legal statutes to not just recognize \u2013 but reciprocate \u2013 the implicit Indigenous legal orders \u201call around.\u201d She draws attention to the micro-sites where human-fish transpecies collaborations are actively resisting and reshaping colonial logics and Inuvialuit territories. Her goal is not simply to raise awareness \u2013 produce knowledge \u2013 of these sites for Somatosphere\u2019s intellectual community. This is a case that seeks to\u00a0change<\/em>\u00a0the ongoing\u00a0violences of academic \u201citerations and interpretations of Indigenous philosophy.\u201d<\/p>\n

The essay by\u00a0Menard and Tizzoni<\/a>\u00a0further troubles the role of anthropological knowledge through a comparison between legal and ethnographic case work. Their essay unfolds through the following puzzling situation: A Mapuche defendant is accused of killing his wife. The language of culture is drawn upon for exoneration requires linguistic and cultural sleights of hand that performs the man as insane, and, with this, performs the techniques of anthropology as insane as well. This is a case that questions the very project of ever having a case stand in for \u2013 speak for \u2013 a totality.<\/p>\n

Carole McGranahan\u2019s case<\/a>\u00a0also marks the shifting horizons between factual and legal representation. This is the scene she sets: Tashi, a Tibetan man, must prove that he is the father of his children upon moving to Canada as a refugee. A DNA test suggests to Canadian officials that he is not the father, so the anthropologist is called upon to show that kinship \u2013 and not genetics \u2013 make fatherhood in Tibet. It is clear that this defies Canada\u2019s existing legal parameters of family, which ask that fatherhood fit into a genetic\u00a0yes\u00a0<\/em>or\u00a0no<\/em>. What is less clear is how much ethnography can make courts bend; how much can our differences make a difference?<\/p>\n

If you\u2019ve been following along, you\u2019ll know not to expect this question to be answered in general terms. In some of the cases, anthropological interventions seek to show the productivity of human difference when it is recognized and materially integrated with clarity and compassion. Faye Ginsburg and Rayna Rapp\u2019s\u00a0No Judgments<\/a>\u00a0narrates events that took place during a day of fieldwork with the autism theater initiative, a group that works to make Broadway theater accessible to people with this disability, along with their families and allies. For these performances, the theater space is modified to account for particular sensory issues involving light and sound, \u201cfidget toys,\u201d safe spaces, and a high tolerance for unruly behavior. Their contribution makes a case for the value of upholding the aspirations, rights, and accommodations of people with disabilities, articulating \u201clife with a difference\u201d as an aspect of human variation too long neglected in anthropology.<\/p>\n

Susan Reynolds Whyte\u2019s polygraphic casebook<\/a>\u00a0describes a process of collective and transnational authorship to tell stories of unexpectedly living through Uganda\u2019s AIDS epidemic. The many authors involved seek to document the individual and diverse experiences of people whose lives were extended by ARVs. In writing ethnography through cases they seek to \u201ccapture\u201d readers and not only the lives of the people whose stories they tell. These are representations that aim to grab attention and make an impact.<\/p>\n

Meanwhile,\u00a0Ken MacLeish\u2019s case<\/a>\u00a0emphasizes a call to pause over (or perhaps\u00a0as<\/em>) a call to action. He focuses on the production of violence through a \u201cnon-event\u201d \u2013 here, a soldier who might have fired on a harmless vehicle but did not. The tension made material in the account he re-scribes is that the distribution of agency into an\u00a0actor network<\/em>\u00a0may impede the very sorts of response-abilities that ANT\u2019s critique of the liberal subject sought to encourage.[iv]<\/a>\u00a0What emerges is a challenge to both the sovereignty of the individual and the displacement of this sovereignty into the mess of bureaucratic orders. This is a case, as with many of our cases, that raises far more questions than it answers; in doing so, the tactic of relentless questioning emerges as a possible way forward.<\/p>\n

Social lives of cases and concepts<\/strong><\/p>\n

That cases have social lives is a truth that emerges from our bookCase. And another truth: it is not simply \u201cthe case\u201d for which this is the case, but\u00a0all\u00a0<\/em>concepts that we deploy and study\u2014sociality here, being a case in point. A few decades ago Bruno Latour critiqued \u201cthe social\u201d for its celebration of the human (Latour 1992<\/a>). That argument had its place then and there, but if the sociality that our cases highlight today is human, it is \u201cnot only\u201d (de la Cadena, et al. 2015<\/a>). Anthropologists have long argued that\u00a0nature is social<\/em>; complementing this, many of our cases demonstrate that\u00a0the social, too, is natural<\/em>\u2014an argument sustained by ethnographic consideration of nature as a swamping, smelly, ugly, active, and unpredictable thing.<\/p>\n

Ildik\u00f3 Zonga Pl\u00e1j\u00e1s, for example, writes<\/a>\u00a0of how life within the Danube Delta Biosphere is infused with fog and rays of light. This swamp-nature, with its incongruous refuse and wonder,\u00a0produces<\/em>\u00a0ways of knowing and living. The weight of the camera she holds accompanies the gravity of the documentary task, giving shape to stories that in turn shape this landscape. This is representation that is\u00a0after\u00a0<\/em>something in the world. In\u00a0Janelle Lamoreaux\u2019s case<\/a>\u00a0of the DeTox Lab in Nanjing, China the synthetic pesticides and pollutants that settle into earth and bodies have been rendered, by both scientists and activists, as \u201cthe environment.\u201d Narrative and statistical accounts alike strategically condense nature into the sociality of industrialization so as to make the case that ugly sperm make ugly futures. Accounting for nature in this way, she shows, may not be a general but inspirational project.<\/p>\n

Christy Spackman\u2019s case<\/a>\u00a0unpacks the chemistry of sociality through discussion of a sweet, licorice-like smell that permeates the lives of residents of downtown Charleston, USA. A spill of 4-methylchycloheanemethanol damaged the region\u2019s water supply. Instruments designed to measure the ghostly toxin could not detect it; and still the contaminant persisted, if unevenly, in people\u2019s sensorial experiences. Spackman describes how nature becomes domesticated in a laboratory while the impurities of domestic activities \u2013 cooking, seeing, smelling, tasting \u2013 are held at bay. In this case, scientific purification comes with a price, as contingency\u2019s mess would yield better knowledge about the presence of chemicals than do lab technologies. Or perhaps we should consider this as\u00a0producing\u00a0<\/em>a price, since the inequalities in who bears the burden of toxicity sustain inequalities of industrial production.<\/p>\n

In\u00a0Jennifer Carlson\u2019s discussion<\/a>\u00a0of energy transition in Germany, \u201cnature\u201d also pertains as much to financial as to biological futures. Her case, set amid a rapidly transitioning solar panel installation project in the hamlet of Dobbe, examines the psychosomatic afterlives of green energy to illustrate the entanglement of ecology with capitalist speculation. Life that was supposed to be made good is instead filled with fiberglass, rust, and plastic ruins; anxiety and stress emerge from the wreckage of now abandoned glasshouses. As does so much else: compassion, friendship, family meals. Consumers (or are they citizens? or mothers? or lovers? or friends?) struggle to make sense of their condition through the categories of social analysis, but even as they do so, life, like weeds, takes shape outside these bounds.<\/p>\n

Plastic Boundaries<\/strong>[v]<\/a><\/p>\n

How do you know a case when you see one?\u00a0Elizabeth Lewis writes<\/a>\u00a0of a single encounter, well before she began extensive fieldwork that would become a \u201cflashpoint\u201d for later analysis of disability care in Texas. At first the encounter seemed to be an outlier. The blind and non-verbal woman, locked in a cage in a Central American institution, was anything but typical. Over time, however, the woman edged ever-closer to the center of Lewis\u2019 analysis. The woman may remain enclosed in a wooden box in a far-away place\u2014 and not only. Absent made present; what is locked away, leaking out. This is not an arena where cases lie waiting to be known and seen; it is one where they are done through narrative relations.<\/p>\n

\u201cCases set boundaries; cases draw you in,\u201d note\u00a0Biggs and Bodinger de Uriarte<\/a>. They use the constantly mirrored reflections of a Native American casino to make their point. The Casino is a mimetic world: interiors containing a complicated mix of referents, exteriors gesturing outward while embracing their own design as part of the sign. So too, might we understand the halls of anthropology to be mimetic. We\u00a0reveal<\/em>\u00a0\u2013 but less because there is one possible truth to be known and more because this act of demonstration is part of the performance. A practice of mirrors, whose reflection also changes how we see.<\/p>\n

Every other week, we have collectively participated in remaking \u201cthe case.\u201d We could not make cases out of nothing \u2013 we could not make things that didn\u2019t, matter. And still, the condition of being material in no way suggested that cases could freeze their form. Case by case, to borrow from\u00a0Jason Danely\u2019s entry<\/a>, the case was adjusted and transformed. Stomach tubes are Danely\u2019s entry into this argument. Decisions about whether to use tubes in elderly care homes, fraught with uncertainty by all involved, must be negotiated case-by-case. Cases are specific, unique, grounded in the variable textures of the everyday\u2014what he refers to as a \u201cconstellation of contingencies.\u201d Here, however, Danely intervenes to shift the implications of contingency. For if cases are exceptional,\u00a0that<\/em>\u00a0they are exceptional is commonplace. It is this connection that serves as a point through which to begin a conversation. Here, becoming a case facilitated processes of sharing, without aspirations of becoming identical. Differently \u2013 and similarly \u2013 contingent. Mutuality, without replication.<\/p>\n

\u201cAre the truths of the case\u2019s contingency and plasticity ontological truths?\u201d you might wonder. \u201cLet\u2019s try out different answers and follow what happens,\u201d we might respond.<\/p>\n

Alternatives and Author-ities<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sharing across different sorts of differences turns us toward matters of politics, which is to say, matters of relating.\u00a0Through the study of earthworms Bertoni<\/a>\u00a0asks us to consider what happens to relating if we think not through the mode of argumentation but through metabolic pathways of incorporation, digestion, and excretion. What arises from this exploration is that \u201cthe purpose of\u00a0making a<\/em>\u00a0case<\/em>\u00a0may not be to be right, but to offer resources that we can use to metabolize and live with the world in alternative ways.\u201d<\/p>\n

It is worth pausing to consider his emphasis on living in\u00a0alternative ways<\/em>\u00a0given the suggestions I have made about the plasticity of nature through the cases above. My guess is that most people reading this series have heard recent claims to \u201calternative facts\u201d made by conservative pundits who reproduce a longstanding tactic of fascist politics by claiming that assumed truths are not what they seem. Some may wonder if this isn\u2019t somehow uncomfortably similar to what we are doing here, with our unstable ontologies and our futures and actualities that are worlded through representational practices. Let me point to a difference.<\/p>\n

Alternative facts \u2013 war is peace; freedom is slavery \u2013 are still rooted in ontological claims upon a one-world world and claims that there is one and only one correct reflection of that world. These so-called facts are not giving up their singular authority\u2014the authority that comes from locking things up. The science of this series meanwhile asks how things come to be bounded and then sets out to understand the effects of binding things one way or another or another yet again. We ask this not because there is just one answer to be known, but because some questions, and some answers, are better than others\u2014 better not in general terms but better in specific cases.<\/p>\n

Bertoni notes that through ethnographizing earthworms he learned about how they are already engaged in politics\u00a0otherwise, which gave him ideas for how he might do this as well.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe living together of worms can serve as a reminder to Euro-American social scientists that there are no guidelines out there on how to live together well. Instead, politics, when understood as living together, calls for makeshift arrangements that are both radical and specific, as well as\u00a0for experimenting with alternatives. If composting might work through certain standard passages, composting guides never give any final word, but rather suggest some possible alternatives to tinker with.\u00a0This is a togetherness that is not constrained by the limits of closed systems and of the categories that Euro-Americans commonly use to think about the world. It is instead a togetherness enlarged by the imaginative openings that worms, like anthropology, can offer us.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

If Bertoni\u2019s case has a lesson for Euro-American sciences, we hope that our series might have a lesson for Euro-American politics. We could respond to the fascist claim of alternative facts by saying that, no, \u2018facts are facts,\u2019 thereby initiating a fight over whose facts are right. I worry that replacing the myriad truths of ethnography for the truth of truth is, however, a short-sighted tactic that undermines both scientific and political possibilities. In Bertoni\u2019s case the facts of science are facts that are open to, even welcoming of, alternatives (note the multiplicity). Not just anything can be a fact \u2013 methods matter \u2013 but a precondition of being fact is being an opening rather than a closure. To be science is to be challengeable, not certain. We might wish something similar for politics, creating systems designed to be both contested and recursively transformed.<\/p>\n

Rather than cede that our\u00a0alternatives\u00a0<\/em>were misdirected to those who abuse this term, our series has suggested that it becomes especially crucial to stay close to the study of ways in which truth-making proceeds and truth-telling gains power.\u00a0That<\/em>\u00a0something\u00a0is,\u00a0<\/em>is merely a starting point for asking\u00a0how\u00a0<\/em>something\u00a0is<\/em>\u2014a starting point, in other words, for thinking about how we are acting and how we might act otherwise. In the face of toxic lies that intend to close down the project of inquiry, the project of engaging alternatives becomes more necessary than ever.<\/p>\n

Stephanie Krehbiel\u2019s<\/a>\u00a0case is a good one on which to wrap up. In her entry, case-making facilitated the production of violence. She writes of being transformed into a case, her analytic capacities and professional qualifications stripped from her. This is not an accidental metaphor; producing persons as cases \u2013 and cases as woman, as body \u2013 can privilege ways of knowing that facilitate abuse\u2014and do so very often in the name of furthering good. The cultivation of intimacy, long taken as a hallmark of anthropological legitimacy, in her site becomes a means for the twisted, suppressed eroticism of power to take hold, subverting what is known in the name of more stable knowledge.<\/p>\n

She makes a point about authority and power that has been with us throughout the series. The man she writes about deploys his authority to subvert the power that she holds and does so through terms and ideas that resonate with her own. He speaks to her of examining how knowledge is gained and legitimized; he emphasizes the importance of\u00a0discerning<\/em>\u00a0what is good. But he does this, she shows, to bolster his authority over her. He is not interested in a flourishing of possibilities but of using his truth (in the singular) against her. She realizes that she cannot talk back to him because he will take up and twist her words. Eventually, she begins to ignore him, putting her energies elsewhere. He engages power in the name of finding truth; she finds power, making space for her authorities, by cutting the relation.<\/p>\n

We started the original Somatosphere series on which this book is based not long after some prominent voices in our field\u00a0challenged<\/a>\u00a0the place of ethnography. Instead of countering this argument directly \u2013 giving it more attention by voicing opposition \u2013 we\u2019ve instead taken the tactic of celebrating ethnography by doing it well. In 27 installations, we\u2019ve shown ethnography to be vibrant, curious, and committed. But this does not mean that ethnography is always vibrant, curious, and committed. For we\u2019ve also given it space to be none of these: to be focused on mundane details that call into question a need to be vibrant; to ask how curiosity may activate and further the exploitation of capitalism; to consider when we might lessen and not strengthen our commitments.<\/p>\n

This, then, is what we\u2019ve learned from the ethnographic case: its authors undertake their writing \u2013 they practice their authorities \u2013 with care for the situation and\/of the story. We can neither ask nor answer the question of what \u201cthe case\u201d is in stable terms. We can instead take up the challenging truth that it is not only the objects that we study that have social lives\u2014so do our theories about them, as well. This, then, sets us on a path of caring not only for what is inside our cases. It compels us to also care for what their walls are made of and to ask how these structures can be done differently and moved.<\/p>\n

\n

Emily Yates-Doerr<\/em><\/a>\u00a0is Assistant Professor of Anthropology at the University of Amsterdam\u00a0and a member of Somatosphere\u2019s editorial collaborative. Her book,\u00a0<\/em>The Weight of Obesity: Hunger and Global Health in Postwar Guatemala<\/em><\/a>, was published by California Press in 2015.<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n

Behar, Ruth, and Deborah A. Gordon 1996. Women writing culture. Berkeley: University of California Press.<\/p>\n

de la Cadena, Marisol , et al. 2015. Anthropology and STS: Generative interfaces, multiple locations. Hau 5(1):437\u2013475.<\/p>\n

Forrester, John 1996. If p, then what? Thinking in cases. History of the Human Sciences 9(3):1-25.<\/p>\n

Latour, Bruno 1992. One more turn after the social turn. Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press.<\/p>\n

Law, John, and Wen-yuan Lin. 2016. The Stickiness of Knowing: translation, postcoloniality and STS http:\/\/heterogeneities.net\/publications\/LawLin2016TheStickinessOfKnowing.pdf<\/p>\n

Landecker, Hannah. 2006. Culturing Life: how cells became technologies. Harvard University Press.<\/p>\n

\u2014- 2007. It is what it eats: chemically defined media and the history of surrounds. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science. Part C. Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences. 6(57):148-169.<\/p>\n

Oy\u00e8r\u00f3nk\u00e9 Oy\u011bw\u00f9m\u00ed. 1997. The Invention of Women: Making an African Sense of Western Gender Discourses. University of Minnesota Press.<\/p>\n

Strathern, Marilyn. 1999. Property, substance, and effect: anthropological essays on persons and things. Athlone Press.<\/p>\n

Tsing, Anna Lowenhaupt. 2015. \u00a0The mushroom at the end of the world: on the possibility of life in capitalist ruins. Princeton University Press.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Welcome. Please read the\u00a0instructions\u00a0for reviewing before commenting.\u00a0We ask contributors to be generous when thinking along with our pieces and to keep in mind that the final chapters are intended to be short essays.\u00a0Visit matteringpress.org for more information on its other books. Readers might\u00a0also want to have a look at this resource created by one of […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":4617,"parent":0,"menu_order":31,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/processing.matteringpress.org\/ethnographiccase\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1245"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/processing.matteringpress.org\/ethnographiccase\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/processing.matteringpress.org\/ethnographiccase\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/processing.matteringpress.org\/ethnographiccase\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/processing.matteringpress.org\/ethnographiccase\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1245"}],"version-history":[{"count":29,"href":"https:\/\/processing.matteringpress.org\/ethnographiccase\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1245\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8674,"href":"https:\/\/processing.matteringpress.org\/ethnographiccase\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1245\/revisions\/8674"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/processing.matteringpress.org\/ethnographiccase\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4617"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/processing.matteringpress.org\/ethnographiccase\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1245"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}